According
to Watson, the major elements of her theory are the carative factors; the
transpersonal caring relationship and the caring occasion/caring moment. Watson
views the “carative factors” as a guide for the core of nursing. She uses the
term “carative” instead of “curative”; this is to distinguish between nursing
and medicine. In all, the carative factors are comprised of 10 elements:
Humanistic-altruistic system of value; Faith-Hope; Sensitivity to self and
others; Helping-trusting, human care relationship; Expressing positive and
negative feelings; Creative problem-solving caring process; Transpersonal
teaching-learning; Supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical,
societal, and spiritual environment; Human needs assistance; and the
Existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces.
As
she continued to evolve her theory, Watson introduced the concept of clinical
caritas processes, which have now replaced her carative factors. Watson
explained that the word “caritas” originates from the Greek vocabulary, meaning
to cherish and to give special loving attention. The following are Watson’s
translation of the carative factors into clinical caritas processes: Practice of
loving kindness and equanimity within context of caring consciousness; Being
authentically present, and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and
subjective life world of self and the one-being-cared-for; Cultivation of one’s
own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self, opening
to others with sensitivity and compassion; Developing and sustaining a
helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship; Being present to, and
supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection
with deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for; Creative use of self
and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in artistry of
caring-healing practices; Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that
attends to unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within others’ frames
of reference; Creating healing environment at all levels (physical as well as
non-physical), subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby
wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated; Assisting with
basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering “human
care essentials,” which potentiate alignment of mind, body, spirit, wholeness,
and unity of being in all aspects of care; tending to both the embodied spirit
and evolving spiritual emergence; Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious
and existential dimensions of one’s own life-death; soul care for self and the
one-being-cared-for.
The
Transpersonal Caring Relationship emphasizes the humanistic aspects of nursing
in combination with scientific knowledge. She designed this relationship to
bring meaning and focus to nursing as a distinct health profession. This
relationship describes how the nurse goes beyond an objective assessment,
showing concerns toward the person’s subjective and deeper meaning regarding
their own health care situation. The nurse’s caring consciousness becomes
essential for the connection and understanding of the other person’s
perspective.
According
to Watson, a caring occasion is the moment when the nurse and another person
come together in such a way that an occasion for human caring is created. Both
persons, with their unique phenomenal fields, have the possibility to come
together in a human-to-human transaction. For Watson, a phenomenal field
corresponds to the person’s frame of reference or the totality of human
experience consisting of feelings, bodily sensations, thoughts, spiritual
beliefs, goals, expectations, environmental considerations, and meanings of
one’s perceptions—all of which are based upon one’s past life history, one’s
present moment, and one’s imagined future. Also, in this theory that Watson
uses the nursing process (A.D.P.I.E)
that contains the same steps as the scientific research process that tries to
solve a problem and provide a framework for decision making.
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